Due to the crisis of the lack of energy resources and environmental pollution, it is necessary to use alternative and renewable energy. This has led to a growing trend in the use of solar systems, one of the most important sources of renewable energy. Photovoltaic panels are one of the main applicable existing solar power systems. Due to the limited space in building roofs to install such panels, combining them with the façades of buildings has received enormous consideration. In this article, first, the effective factors in efficiency and productivity of BIPV¹ panels were evaluated,then, the effects of combining photovoltaic panels with the main façade components, including curtain walls, façades, and canopies, on energy efficiency were examined and compared. To reach the goal of this research, an office building was simulated in Grasshopper software,photovoltaic panels were installed in different components of its southern façade using Honeybee and Ladybug plugins, and the energy efficiency of each component was analyzed. Moreover, the other effective factors on the location of panels’ installation, including their layout, type, module energy efficiency, cost, variety of patterns, light transmission, market limitation, the optical quality of panels’ glass, and the effect of rainfall and snow cover, as well as their effectiveness level were studied, weighted, and ranked using the Shannon Entropy Approach. The results revealed that combining the panels with the same area by a canopy, the main body of the façade, and the curtain wall had the highest effects on energy efficiency, respectively.

The semantic of Proper names is one of imprtant issues in philosophy of logic. In this article I have examined some most famous theories on this subject and evaluvated Mil's, Frege's , Russell's and Kripke's theory. Although I have almost favoured Kripke's opinion, but I think it is insufficient for making clear logical role of Proper name. So by revising it and adding some condition, I have tried to defend the view that when Proper name designates its referent some descriptions should be considered; those descriptions don't give the sense of Proper name, but user thinks , rightly or wrongly, that they fix its referent. This analysis, of course, contains some pragmatical ingredient and is not purely semantical.

Introduction: The harvest time and type of plant part have important roles in obtaining maximum amounts of active substances from medicinal plants. Medicinal plants vary in terms of phenological stages and maturity and each medicinal plant can be evaluated separately in research. Determining the exact time of harvest and selecting a plant organ for maximum yield of secondary metabolites can be very important and economically effective. Othroj-Saghir (Citrus medica var. medica Proper) or Othroje-Kabir (Citrus medica var. macrocarpa) is one of the most important citrus species. The southern provinces of Iran, especially the southern cities of Fars province, are the largest areas in which this species is cultivated. In addition to fruit juice, other parts of the fruit especially the flavedo, can be used for medicinal purposes and in food industries. In this study, for the first time, some physical and biochemical changes of different parts of Citrus medica var medica fruits were evaluated during fruit ripening. Also, some active substances (i. e. essential oil content, flavonoid components, etc. ) of the flavedo were measured as the most important medicinal parts of the fruit through different stages of ripening. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effects of fruit ripening on the biochemical Properties of different parts of Citron fruit were evaluated. A factorial experiment was set up according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and four replications. The first factor included four levels: different stages of fruit maturity (green mature, intermediate, yellow ripe and over ripe stage). The second factor had four levels: the different parts of the Citron fruit (i. e. outer skin or flavedo, inner skin or albedo, pulp and juice). The most important measured traits were flavon and flavonols, total flavonoids, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Physical changes in different parts of the fruit (fresh and dry weight of flavedo and albedo, fresh weight of fruit, fruit diameter and height of fruit, etc. ) were measured. Assessments also carried out to identify several features of fruit juice such as acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and vitamin C during fruit ripening. Chemical measurements were aimed at determining the most important phytochemical compounds of the flavedo section during fruit ripening. These features included the essential oil percentage and yield, chlorophyll content and polyphenols constituents (rutin, trans-ferulic acid, hesperidin, hesperetin and quercetin by HPLC). Results and Discussion: The results showed that the fruit maturity stage significantly affected most of the studied traits. The highest amounts of flavon and flavonols (0. 377 mg quercetin/g dry weight) and total flavonoids (16. 38 mg quercetin/g dry weight) were measured in the flavedo at the over ripe stage. The antioxidant activity initially increased during fruit ripening, but it decreased slightly (75. 0%) from the yellow stage to the over ripe stage. The lowest rate of antioxidant activity (53. 6%) was observed in the green stage and the highest rate (78. 4%) was measured in the yellow ripe stage. The highest amounts of antioxidant activity (83. 3% and 73. 8%) were measured in the albedo and flavedo samples, respectively, and the lowest amount (54. 1%) was recorded in the pulp section. The highest amount of flavedo essential oil (2. 37%v/w) was measured in intermediate stage. The chlorophyll content with maturity progress was decreased. Progress in fruit maturity was reduced the most components of polyphenols. The maximum amount of hesperidin, as an important phenolic component, was identified in the peel of Citron fruit (1. 86 mg/g dry weight) at the green mature stage. Its amount decreased through the stages of maturity, so that the lowest amount (0. 68 mg/g dry weight) was measured at the over ripe stage. Conclusion: In general, the stage of maturity and plant part had important effects on the amount of biochemical traits. The flavedo part of Citron fruit showed superior medicinal Properties. Different active substances react variedly during maturity and so the preferable composition should be harvested according to the desired conditions. The best stages to reach maximum essential oil percentage and polyphenol components are the early stages of maturity (i. e. green mature and intermediate stages).

Wheat ground beetle Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is an important wheat pest in Iran and some regions of the world. This pest causes damage to wheat by feeding on the root, stalk, and leaves. Farmers try to control this pest by the foliar application of different insecticides, but this method causes damage to the environment. To find an effective method to control this pest, the thiamethoxam insecticide (Cruiser®) efficiency was evaluated using seed treatment in this study. An experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replications was conducted in a field in Ramhormoz city, Khuzestan province (Iran). The treatments were 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for seed treatment, 2,000 ppm of diazinon by field spraying at the wheat tillering stage, and a control. The results indicated that the average plant density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (333.58 and 333.28 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (258.28 plant/m2) and the control (182.12 plant/m2). The average ear density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (513.78 and 506.12 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (321.22 plant/m2) and the control (260.86 plant/m2). According to the present results, farmers can use 150 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for 100 kg of seeds to control this pest by seed treatment.

Clinical Scenario: Jessica is a 23-year-old university student who presents to hospital with anorexia and symptoms of a lower respiratory tract infection. She is otherwise healthy and is on no medications.The remainder of her history is unremarkable except for a family history of sudden, unexplained death in a maternal aunt.Baseline blood work shows mild hypokalemia and a left lower lobe infiltrate on her chest xray.She is admitted to hospital for correction of her electrolytes and is given clarithromycin for her pneumonia. The following day, she suffers a cardiac arrest. Polymorphic wide QRS complex tachycardia is seen on the monitor. A post-resuscitation ECG demonstrates striking QT findings (Figure 1).

In the fourth issue of «Notes on Shahnameh», the origin of some other Proper names of the Shahnameh will be discussed. These names include Pashtun, Fariborz, Zarvan, and Eshtad. About the name Pashtun, there was a mistake in the past that still exists in Persian writings. There is a subtle point in the construction of the name Fariborz, which has apparently been hidden from the researchers,And Zarvan and Eshtad are among the names that have been misspelled in Shahnameh. In these few notes, an attempt has been made to correct the defects of previous scholars›,opinions, especially the defects of Persian writings.